England was ruled by a representative, and Puritan, government for the first time, headed by Oliver Cromwell. The English king was considered head of the Anglican Church, so the execution of Charles I had religious meaning as well. King Charles I had been executed in 1649, and the British monarchy was abolished. The year 1660 also marked the restoration of the monarchy in England. Giles Cripplegate, just north of the old center of London. Persecution, Plague, and Fire Defoe was born sometime in 1660, the youngest of three children, to James and Alice Foe in the parish of St. WORKS IN BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT In journalism, he pioneered the lead article, investigative reporting, advice and gossip columns, letters to the editor, human interest features, background articles, and foreign-news analysis With this combination, Defoe popularized the novel among a growing middleclass readership. In his novels, Defoe combined elements of spiritual autobiography, allegory, and so-called “rogue biography” with stylistic techniques including dialogue, setting, symbolism, characterization, and, most importantly, irony to fashion some of the first realistic narratives in English fiction. 459-463.ĭaniel Defoe has been called the father of both the novel and modern journalism. Taken from: "Defoe, Daniel." Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature, vol.
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